--- title: "Local Heterogeneity in Artificial Intelligence Jobs over Time and Space · AI Fault Line" url: https://aifaultline.com/research/p/doi-10-1257-pandp-20251001/ description: "AI Fault Line is a neutral, evidence-cited field guide to why experts looking at the same developments disagree about AI's effect on productivity, jobs, inequality, regulation and the pace of change." --- [Research](https://aifaultline.com/research/) # Local Heterogeneity in Artificial Intelligence Jobs over Time and Space Lefteris Andreadis, Eleni Kalotychou, Manolis Chatzikonstantinou, Christodoulos Louca, Christos Andreas Makridis · AEA Papers and Proceedings · 1 May 2025 [Read original source](https://doi.org/10.1257/pandp.20251001) Where this sits in the debate - [How fast will the impact arrive?](https://aifaultline.com/debate/pace/) Direction of the finding as read from the abstract by an AI model ([AI-written](https://aifaultline.com/about/)). ## Abstract We examine the spatial dynamics of AI adoption in the United States, leveraging county-level job postings data from 2014 to 2023. We document significant variation in AI intensity across counties and rapid growth occurring in unexpected suburban and remote-friendly areas such as Maries, Missouri, and Hughes, South Dakota. Controlling for county and year fixed effects, we find that higher shares of STEM degrees, labor market tightness, patent activity, lower manufacturing intensity, and turnover rates are key drivers of AI adoption. Our results point to the critical role of local education, innovation, and labor market dynamics in shaping adoption patterns. ## About this publication **Ranked journal.** A peer-reviewed journal in the RePEc ranking of economics journals, below the leading ones. Placed by: RePEc journal ranking. [How sources are ranked](https://aifaultline.com/about/#source-ranking). Published 2025 (18 months ago) Citations 6 (OpenAlex) ## Citations in context [Chart: 6 citations, cohort median 10] 6 citations — 45th percentile among the 33 indexed papers from 2025 in this collection. Citation counts favor older papers; this compares only same-year papers here, not the whole literature. [Chart: published 2025] □ added to this collection in 2026. Christos Makridis signed the wemustactnow.ai letter · author affiliation matches seed institutions arizona state university, georgetown university — part of why this paper is in the collection. ## More on this topic Related by theme, not necessarily by method or conclusion. - [The Effects of Generative AI on High Skilled Work: Evidence from Three Field Experiments with Software Developers](https://aifaultline.com/research/p/doi-10-2139-ssrn-4945566/) SSRN · 2024 - [GPTs are GPTs: An Early Look at the Labor Market Impact Potential of Large Language Models](https://aifaultline.com/research/p/doi-10-48550-arxiv-2303-10130/) arXiv · 2023 - [Extending “GPTs Are GPTs” to Firms](https://aifaultline.com/research/p/doi-10-1257-pandp-20251045/) AEA Papers and Proceedings · 2025 - [New Frontiers: The Origins and Content of New Work, 1940–2018](https://aifaultline.com/research/p/doi-10-1093-qje-qjae008/) The Quarterly Journal of Economics · 2024 Overview assembled automatically from collected metadata. [How this site is built](https://aifaultline.com/about/).