--- title: "AI and Women's Employment in Europe · AI Fault Line" url: https://aifaultline.com/research/p/doi-10-1257-pandp-20251044/ description: "AI Fault Line is a neutral, evidence-cited field guide to why experts looking at the same developments disagree about AI's effect on productivity, jobs, inequality, regulation and the pace of change." --- [Research](https://aifaultline.com/research/) # AI and Women's Employment in Europe Stefania Albanesi Y, António Dias da Silva, Juan F. Jimeno, Ana Lamo, Alena Wabitsch · AEA Papers and Proceedings · 1 May 2025 [Read original source](https://doi.org/10.1257/pandp.20251044) Where this sits in the debate - [Will AI destroy more jobs than it creates?](https://aifaultline.com/debate/jobs/) - [Will AI widen inequality?](https://aifaultline.com/debate/inequality/) Direction of the finding as read from the abstract by an AI model ([AI-written](https://aifaultline.com/about/)). ## Abstract We examine the link between the diffusion of artificial intelligence (AI)-enabled technologies and changes in the female employment share in 16 European countries over the period 2011-2019. Using data for occupations at the three-digit level, we find that on average female employment shares increased in occupations more exposed to AI. Countries with high initial female labor force participation and higher initial female relative education show a stronger positive association. While there exists heterogeneity across countries, almost all show a positive relation between changes in female employment shares within occupations and exposure to AI-enabled automation. ## About this publication **Ranked journal.** A peer-reviewed journal in the RePEc ranking of economics journals, below the leading ones. Placed by: RePEc journal ranking. [How sources are ranked](https://aifaultline.com/about/#source-ranking). Published 2025 (18 months ago) Citations 4 (OpenAlex) ## Citations in context [Chart: 4 citations, cohort median 10] 4 citations — 42nd percentile among the 33 indexed papers from 2025 in this collection. Citation counts favor older papers; this compares only same-year papers here, not the whole literature. [Chart: published 2025] □ added to this collection in 2026. author affiliation matches seed institution university of oxford — part of why this paper is in the collection. ## More on this topic Related by theme, not necessarily by method or conclusion. - [The Effects of Generative AI on High Skilled Work: Evidence from Three Field Experiments with Software Developers](https://aifaultline.com/research/p/doi-10-2139-ssrn-4945566/) SSRN · 2024 - [GPTs are GPTs: An Early Look at the Labor Market Impact Potential of Large Language Models](https://aifaultline.com/research/p/doi-10-48550-arxiv-2303-10130/) arXiv · 2023 - [Extending “GPTs Are GPTs” to Firms](https://aifaultline.com/research/p/doi-10-1257-pandp-20251045/) AEA Papers and Proceedings · 2025 - [New Frontiers: The Origins and Content of New Work, 1940–2018](https://aifaultline.com/research/p/doi-10-1093-qje-qjae008/) The Quarterly Journal of Economics · 2024 Overview assembled automatically from collected metadata. [How this site is built](https://aifaultline.com/about/).